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大家好，这是我总结的我认为比较好的句子，里面标注的的红色主要是写的好的单词和词组，绿色主要是比较好的句式。希望能给大家带来帮助，并希望以后大家能多多补充。：）
潘黎
Useful sentences
1. Three
physiological parameters, including skin temperature and EEG, were investigated
to see how they responded to the ambient
temperature and how they were related to the
thermal comfort sensation.
3. Twenty
healthy students were tested with questionnaire
investigation under those thermal environments.
4. It is suggested that the three physiological
parameters should be considered all together in the future study of thermal
comfort.
5. The complex interaction of air temperature, mean radiant
temperature, air velocity and humidity makes up the human thermal environment.
7. The
subjects performed simulated office work throughout each exposure and
repeatedly marked a set of visual-analog scales to
indicate their perception of environmental
conditions and of the intensity of SBS symptoms at the time.
8. The impact on perceived air quality of decreasing the
ventilation rate from 10 to 3.5 l s-1 per person could be counteracted by a decrement of temperature and
humidity from 23℃/50% RH to 20℃/40% RH.
9. However,
several SBS symptoms were alleviated when the
subjects worked at low levels of air temperature and humidity, which implies
that a longer term exposure to low indoor air
temperature and humidity might help to improve the performance of office work.
11. The acceptability of air quality decreased linearly with
increasing indoor air enthalpy.
12. High
temperature and humidity counteract the beneficial
effect of increased ventilation rate and degrade perceived indoor air
quality.
15. It is therefore essential to validate
the finding in real indoor space with a longer period of exposure.
16. Furthermore, it is not yet certain that exposure
to cool dry air reduces the prevalence of SBS
symptoms and increases the performance of office work as well as improving
perceived air quality.
17. A previous study in which subjects were clothed for
comfort at two different air temperatures (Wyon et al., 1975) found no such effect.
18. This
paper presents the results from a field
experiment in which the effects of temperature and humidity on perceived air
quality were investigated in 280-minute exposures in a real office space.
20. The
experiment was conducted under four different
environmental conditions—three levels of indoor air temperature and humidity:
21. This
design made it possible to examine the impact of
enthalpy (combining with both air temperature and humidity) on PAQ, SBS
symptoms and performance of office work. The design also made it possible to compare the impact of enthalpy and ventilation rate on
these dependent variables.
24. The office
was equipped with ventilation and
air-conditioning system that can maintain constant
temperature, humidity and ventilation rate with a
stability of (0.3℃ (3% RH and (5%, respectively.
25. Figure
2 shows a plan view of the experimental office.
The right side of the office was equipped with six
workstations and occupied by six subjects at
a time; the left side of the office, behind a partition, was used as a
technical space where ventilating, heating, air-conditioning and humidification
equipment were installed, and where the
racks holding the carpet strips were located.
26. The
ventilation air was delivered to the occupied space from both above and below the partition.
27. There
were several mixing fans in the technical space
to ensure complete mixing of conditioned air with the pollutants emitted from
the carpet and the air from the occupied space.
28. Thirty
female subjects with an average age of 23 years
participated in the experiment.
29. On each
experimental day, one group of subjects was exposed to
one of the four indoor environmental conditions. Each of the five groups encountered the four conditions in a different order, to minimize any bias caused by order of
presentation.
30. During
the experiment, the subjects performed simulated office work and were asked to assess the air quality, thermal comfort and different
SBS symptoms.
31. The
average number of characters typed per minute, average number of correctly
completed arithmetical calculations per hour and average number of lines
proofread per minute were used as measures of
performance.
32. SBS
symptoms were assessed by the subjects upon
entering the office and after the completion
of each task, throughout each 280 min exposure.
33. The
subjects were reminded at intervals to adjust
their clothing in order to maintain thermal neutrality throughout the whole occupation period.
34. The
questionnaire used to obtain subjective sensations included questions on
perceived air quality, thermal comfort, general perceptions of the environment
and both specific and general SBS symptoms.
35. General
perceptions of the environment and SBS symptoms were
evaluated using DTU’s visual analog scales,
shown in Fig. 3(b).
36.
Subjects placed a transverse mark on each
scale on a printed form.
37.
Non-parametric Friedman Two-way ANOVA and Wilcoxon Matched-pairs signed-ranks
test were used for testing within-subject effects
of enthalpy and ventilation rate on the dependent variables.
38. During
the experiment, subjects attained thermal neutrality
at 23℃/50% RH; the mean thermal sensation was slightly
cool at 20℃/40% RH and slightly warm at 26℃/60% RH.
39.
However, in general, thermal comfort for the
subjects was maintained by self-adjustment of
clothing. The observed airway irritation was very low and was identical throughout the experiment without being
influenced by enthalpy and ventilation rate.
40. The odor
intensity assessment did not differ significantly
at different levels of temperature and humidity, and there was a clear adaptation of odor intensity perception after
30 minutes’ exposure.
41. This
slight increase of odor intensity is most likely due to
a slightly increased emission of bio effluents.
42. At 20℃/40% RH, a slight increase in odor intensity can
also be observed when reducing
the ventilation rate from 10 to 3.5 l s)1 per person.
43. A strong effect of temperature and humidity was found
on perceived air freshness.
44. Figure
5 shows that although there was no significant effect of the outside air supply
rate on perceived freshness, by the end of the session
the rank order was
as expected.
45. The
results show a significant impact of temperature and humidity on the
acceptability of air quality; the air was judged
as more unacceptable at the elevated levels of
indoor air temperature and humidity.
46.
However, it seems that the perception of air
quality was more likely to be adapted to air pollution than the enthalpy, since
both the acceptability of the first impression and the acceptability after adaptation showed a similar gradient with decreasing indoor air
enthalpy.
47. Cooling
of mucous membranes probably caused the air to
be perceived as fresher and therefore improved the acceptability of air at low
temperature and humidity.
48.
Adaptation mainly reduced the perception of odor intensity and odor intensity
was not affected by air temperature and humidity, as
shown in Fig. 4.
49. Non-parametric Friedman Two-way ANOVA reveals a highly significant (p < 0.00008) effect of
temperature and humidity on the immediate perception of acceptability and an effect approaching significance (p < 0.09)
on adapted perception of acceptability.
50. However,
even at the low ventilation rate of 3.5 l s-1per person, the air
with a low enthalpy of 35 kJ kg-1was still perceived
as more acceptable than the air with a higher enthalpy of 45 and 58kJ kg-1
at the higher ventilation rate of 10 l s-1 per person.
51. Figure
7 shows that the acceptability of the air was strongly
correlated with enthalpy both for immediate perception and for perception
after adaptation.
52. Figure
8 shows the average subjective rating of difficulty
in thinking clearly.
53. The p-values shown in Fig. 9 were obtained using the non-parametric
Wilcoxon Matched-pairs signed-ranks test for within-subject effects.
54.
However, after two hours’ exposure, the subjects could not distinguish the different humidities at the same
ventilation rate, and there was a tendency for the air
to be perceived as drier at the low ventilation rate than at the high ventilation
rate (p < 0.07 Wilcoxon test) although the physical humidity and temperature
were the same.
55. This difference
might increase after prolonged exposure.
56. This
result implies that even though dryness
sensation is dependent on humidity at the initial exposure, in longer exposures
air pollution is what determines the sensation
of dryness.
57. The
ventilation rates prescribed in existing
ventilation standards (CEN, 1998 and ASHRAE, 2001b) do not include the impact
of air temperature and humidity. In ASHRAE standard 62(ASHRAE, 2001b), the
outdoor air requirement for ventilation in office spaces is stipulated as 10 l s-1 per person. The European
Design Criteria (CEN, 1998) suggests a minimum outdoor air requirement of 4 l s-1
per person to obtain a perceived air quality of 2.5 dp (30% PD).
58. Figure
6 shows further that decreasing the ventilation
rate from 10 to 3.5 l s-1 per person can be
compensated for by decreasing indoor air
enthalpy from 45 kJ kg-1 (23℃/50% RH) to35 kJ kg-1 (20℃/40% RH) so as to maintain perceived air quality.
59. The
present study also found that decreasing the
ventilation rate from 10 to 3.5 l s-1 per person at 20℃/40% RH did not increase irritation symptoms.
60. The present
results further confirm that the effects of
temperature and humidity on the perception of air quality can last for a long
time and do not diminish after a period of
adaptation and that SBS symptoms such as fatigue and headache may also be
caused by exposure to air at slightly raised temperature and humidity.
61. This is
of course a common experience, but is often attributed to the objective rather than the subjective
quality of the air.
62. Lindvall’s field investigation (Sundell &
Lindvall, 1993) also showed that the ‘sensation of dryness’ has little to do
with physical air humidity. They observed no
significant relationship between the prevalence of SBS symptoms and the indoor
air humidity in the range 10–40% RH.
63. The present
experimental results appear to agree with many previous findings that indicate that indoor air
pollutants may contribute to certain
symptoms that are similar to a sensation of dryness.
64. It was not possible to show any significant effect of temperature and humidity on
performance in this study, presumably because
subjects succeeded as intended in remaining in a
state of thermal comfort, but it would be a mistake to conclude that
temperature and humidity have no influence on the productivity of office
workers in the real world, who frequently do not succeed in remaining in
thermal comfort over the range 20–26℃.
65. In the long term, this local heat stress plus the
perceived stuffiness of air at raised levels of temperature and humidity may be
expected to result in some SBS symptoms.
66. The observed increment of fatigue, headache and difficulty
in thinking clearly at 26℃ and 60% RH indicate that productivity might well be
reduced in a real workplace towards the end of a
long day’s work.
67. The two
experiments covered a range of environmental conditions
from mildly uncomfortable to extremely uncomfortable.
68. As
productivity in real life is almost impossible to measure, fatigue and some SBS
symptoms might be used as indirect indicators of the
risk that productivity will be reduced in an uncomfortable environment.
69.
Wargocki’s experiment further demonstrated a Fang
et al. significant effect of ventilation rate on both SBS symptoms and
performance that was not observed in the present experiment.
70.
Wargocki’s experiment was designed specifically to
observe the effect of ventilation rate on perceived air quality, SBS symptoms
and productivity.
71. The results of this experiment should therefore not be
used to conclude that the outdoor air supply rate has no effect on SBS symptoms
and productivity.
72. Such an improvement of perceived air quality due to decreased indoor air enthalpy could be used to compensate for the negative effect of reducing the outdoor air supply
rate from 10 to 3.5 l s-1 per person.
73. A 2×2 replicated field
intervention experiment was conducted in a call-center providing a
telephone directory service: Outdoor air supply rate was
adjusted to be 8% or 80% of the total airflow of 430 l/s (3.5 /h) and
the supply air filters were either new or had been in place for 6 months.
74. One of
these independent variables was changed each
week for 8 weeks.
75. The 26
operators were blind to conditions and each week returned questionnaires recording their environmental perceptions and Sick
Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms.
76. The
present results indicate that increasing outdoor air supply rate and replacing
filters can have positive effects on health,
comfort and performance.
77. Supply
air filters should be changed frequently not just because their airflow
resistance increases progressively but
because they degrade air quality with negative
consequences for health, comfort and the performance of office work,
78. Filter
condition (used or new) should always be recorded to make it possible to draw sound conclusions in
studies of the effects of outdoor air supply rates on building occupants.
79. The
observed effects on PAQ and SBS symptoms are
compatible with the results of many field studies (Norba¨ ck and Torge′n,1989; van Beuningen et al., 1994; Seppa¨nen et
al.,1999),but there is insufficient information
from field studies about the resulting effects on office productivity.
80. They
performed simulated office work in exposures lasting only 4.6 h, in a test chamber resembling
a real office.
81. The
observed effects on performance therefore require
validation in actual office buildings with office employees performing
real work and repeatedly exposed in their normal office environment for a full
day at a time, 5 days a week.
82. The
last metric is an especially promising measure
of office performance as work performed by operators is a good paradigm for
many other kinds of multitasking, and because unlike almost all other types of
office work it is routinely timed with great
accuracy.
83. Their
work requires concentration, verbal communication, logical thinking under time
pressure, visual attention and very often the use of
sophisticated computer software.
84. These
data are normally used to estimate the
number of operators that must be on duty at different times of day and on
different days of the week.
85. They
can also be used as an index of task difficulty. As the number of operators on
duty represents the main running cost, they constitute
a ‘‘bottom line’’ metric of productivity.
86.
Temperatures above 25.4_C caused qualified nurses providing medical advice in a
call-center to work 16% more slowly when writing up their reports after the
call was over (i.e., wrap-up time increased) and intermediate
outdoor air supply rates of 20 and 53 l/s/person at peak occupancy were
significantly associated with increased talk-time in
comparison with the highest rate of 94 l/s/person (Federspiel et al.,
2002), although the lowest rate (8 l/s/person) was not.
87. In
contrast, replacing high polluting materials with low-polluting materials is usually
an intervention that is both apparent to the subjects and non-reversible
88. This confounding factor should be
taken into account.
89. The
space has 14 windows, seven facing east and seven facing west. The windows can
be opened and external metal shading and internal curtains provide protection from direct sunlight.
90. There
is no humidity control in the system, so the indoor relative humidity follows
the changes in absolute humidity outdoors.
91. The
filter is situated downstream of where the
return and outdoor air streams are mixed, as is common in the USA.
92.
Ventilation air is supplied to the space by ducting it to eight anemostat inlet
vents evenly distributed in the suspended ceiling.
93. This
control procedure was established to reduce the
energy used for heating and during the winter season and it results in an
outdoor air intake that is only 10–20% of the total flow.
94. No other spaces in the building are served by this system
except the rest area, which is separated by an airlock from the work area.
95. In
practice they take a 10–15 min break from
work every hour.
96. The
temperature and relative humidity of the supply, return, outdoor and room air
and the measured carbon dioxide (CO2) levels (Vaisala: CO2 Transmitter), both outdoors
and in the supply and return air, were all recorded continuously
using miniature battery-powered data-loggers (Onset: Hobo).
97. Thermal comfort was assessed on a seven-point thermal
sensation scale.
98. This outcome
variable has a direct impact on profitability, as
for a given call volume an increase in average talk time makes it necessary to ensure that more operators are
on duty, and it may thus be regarded as an
index of operator productivity.
99. Initially, a stepwise multiple regression
analysis was made to provide information on how extraneous
factors affected operator performance.
100. In
examining differences in response between treatment
conditions, performance data and other normally distributed data were
subjected to analysis of variance in a repeated measures design; pair-wise comparisons were made using the least
significance difference method or paired t-tests (Montgomery, 1991).
101. Subjective response on the
visual analog scales and any data that were not normally distributed
were analyzed using Friedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks, and
pair-wise comparisons were made using the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks
test (Siegel and Castellan, 1988).
102. Using
this approach, significant differences
between conditions are found for only four subjective votes.
103. In
summary, this method of analyzing SBS responses is not
very informative.
104. No significant
effect was seen when a used filter was replaced with a new one at the low outdoor
air supply rate.
105. Only
the first of these analyses revealed an interaction
effect similar to what is depicted in
Fig. 4 (P < 0.038).
106. The
results of the present experiment show that outdoor air supply rate and filter
condition are important determinants of
office work performance, perceptions of the
indoor environment and the intensity of SBS
symptoms.
107. With a
used filter in place, performance was worse and operators felt worse with more
outdoor air, contrary to expectation.
108. At the
lower outdoor air supply rate the partial pressure of each pollutant in the air
flow, whether it originated outside or inside the
building, would be higher and the source-strength of the dust in the filter
would be restored by re-adsorption.
109. The
positive effects of changing the filter at high outdoor air supply rate is a
direct consequence of the effects discussed in the preceding
two paragraphs.
110. The
influence of call-volume, time of day, day of week, etc. are not the prime focus of the present study and after excluding the relatively restricted periods when
their effects on operator performance were clearly dominant they have been allowed
to contribute to the variance, as they do in practice.
111. If a
mathematical model had been derived, their
effects would have to be calculated artificially by
making a number of assumptions, further reducing the credibility
of the resulting estimate.
112. In interpreting the results of subjective votes
it should be noted that in the experimental design the direction of each
intervention is confounded with the condition
that remained constant, because it was the same both when the interventions
were first implemented and in the replication.
113. This study of 29 blue and 57 white collar workers (mean
age 50 and 51 yr) investigated behavior and the level of subjective stress and
objective strain during work and leisure time.
114.
Physiological and psychological parameters as well as behavioral activities
were assessed simultaneously using a special ambulatory monitoring device capable of storing 23 h records.
115. Analysis of the physiological parameters for the
working hours from 8 to 16 h revealed differences between the hours for
physical activity, HR, and non-metabolic HR but not for HR variability.
116. In the
self reports, however, leisure time was rated less
exciting and more pleasant than working time.
117.
Therefore, it will be important to the study of human workload to differentiate between the physical, mental, and
emotional workload or strain components (Strasser, 1982).
118.
According to the stress-strain concept, stress denotes all objective
environmental factors acting upon the person,
whereas strain denotes the effects of stress
which will be individually different given a
stress factor.
119. Strain
is best reflected by the ensemble of relevant physiological
parameters and by stress ratings made by the individual.
120. The
method is based on the simultaneous recording
of HR from the electrocardiogram (ECG) and of physical activity with motion
detectors.
121. HR serves as an overall indicator of workload, reflecting
simultaneously the physical and emotional/mental components.
122.
Several samples served for the assessment of the different workload components amongst schoolboys.
123. The
present study, with industrial blue and white collar workers, served to address the following issues:
124.
Moreover, subjects were requested to fill out a short
questionnaire on personal habits and socioeconomic data.
125. In
order to synchronize data from the MT and the
tape recorder, a code signal was generated by the MT .
126. These detectors
were coupled to give a common signal and were connected
by wires to the analogue device of the MT.
127.
On-line analysis of HR was performed continuously with
a sampling rate of 256 Hz, and mean values were stored for each minute.
128. An
emotional event was postulated if the HR of a
given minute was at least 3 beats per minute greater than the moving average of
the previous minutes with little or no increase in physical activity (<10
units).
129. The
parameter PAR was adapted individually to optimize the
detection of emotional events, because different subjects show different
emotional HR reactivity.
**130. For quantification, non-metabolic HR of each emotional event
was divided by 3 to yield the factor by which the minimal HR was exceeded.
131.
However, averaging the values over many minutes,
as was done for the segments & working time' and &leisure time',
yielded normal distributions.
132. By
doing this, individual baseline differences were
accounted for.
133. If the
variables of two or more subsequent feedback minutes were
classified in the same category, the variables of all minutes between
the two feedback minutes were also assigned to
that category.
134. As
might be expected, the level of education was higher for white collar than for
blue collar workers (see Table 1).
135. There
was a tendency for white collar workers (p<0.10)
to complain of more sleep disturbances than blue collar workers.
136. In the
questionnaire, weekly working time was rated higher
for the white collar workers. White collar workers also
rated having more stress at work and outside work than blue collar
workers.
137.
Lifetime habits, physical complaints, and satisfaction with health revealed no significant differences between the
groups.
138. The
records of 45 white collar and 22 blue collar workers included the whole
working time, allowing for a trend analysis in both
groups. Fig. 1 shows the trend for physical activity and HR from 8 to 16
h.
139. No significant difference for non-metabolic HR was seen
between blue and white collar workers.
140. In
this analysis, too, no significant differences emerged. The analysis of the self-ratings of excitement
and enjoyment showed no significant main effects for working hours or for
groups (Fig. 3).
141. The analysis of the different kinds of physical activity during
work is shown in Fig. 4. The figures are based on the feedback during the
working hours in which subjects described their actual behavior. White collar
workers sat more often than blue collar workers (p<0.001), stood less
(p(0.05), and walked less (p(0.05). These results are in line
with the measurement of physical activity by motion detectors and with HR.
142.
Analogous results were seen for HR (Time F(1,84)"22.07,
p(0.001; Time*Employees F(1,84)"17.27, p(0.001)
but the main effect &Employees' did not reach the
level of significance.
143. As shown by Fig. 5, physical activity was higher
during working time than during leisure time, therefore,
144. In the
MANOVA the difference between working time and leisure time remained stable (Time F(1,84)"26.88, p(0.001)
with the latter showing more emotional strain.
145. Fig. 8 shows the
breakdown of physical activities during leisure time for both groups.
146. The
activities during leisure time (Fig. 9) were
also very similar for both blue collar and white collar workers.
147.
Analysis of the social contacts during leisure time revealed
a tendency for white collar workers to be alone more often than the blue collar
workers (p<0.10) with no significant differences
for the other social contacts (Fig. 10).
148. This
result underlines the necessity for an adequate baseline to evaluate workload.
149. Actually, stress at work was
rated significantly higher by the
white collar workers in the questionnaire used in the present study (Table 1).
150. It must be emphasized, however, that great differences
can exist between actual ratings of a situation as gained from the feedbacks
and retrospective ratings as gained from the
questionnaire.
151. Mental
strain during leisure time, indicated by HR variability, was somewhat lower for the blue collar workers with a negligible difference for the white collar workers.
152. Interestingly, emotional HR was substantially greater during leisure time than
during working time.
153. A closer look at emotional HR for the differing
activities revealed that, for example, driving a car and eating together with
the family showed high emotional HR.
154.
However, these subjective ratings are not in line with the
physiological workload components, at least for
the white collar workers.
155. It must be concluded from these results that analysis
of workload cannot be performed only by stress ratings.
156.The
ratings of excitement and enjoyment made throughout the working hours and
leisure time clearly confirmed the notion that
work is subjectively stressful.
157.
However, the physiological indicators of the different workload components
appear to contradict this notion.
158. These
results are clearly not in favor of the hypothesis that
stress at work is a relevant risk factor for CHD, and this result is supported by
several prospective studies conducted to elucidate the stress hypothesis.
159. In
evaluating this argument it must be recognized that
all employees were working on a normal shift which presumably is less strenuous
than revolving shift or work at night.
160. The effects of good lighting extend
much further than we used to think.
161. Recent
medical and biological research has consistently shown that light entering the
human eyes has, apart from a visual effect, also
an important non-visual biological effect on the human body.
163. The Vλcurve
for the cone system (photopic vision) is the basis for all
lighting units such as lumen, lx and candela.
164. By
comparing the two curves, it is immediately evident
that the biological sensitivity for different wavelengths of light is
quite different from the visual sensitivity.
165. The
most important processes are related to the control of the biological clock and
to the regulation of some important hormones through regular light–dark rhythms
as for example the 24 h rhythm of daylight during daytime and darkness during
nighttime.
166. In this respect, we have to distinguish
between the role that light and dark can
play in ‘keeping healthy people healthy’ and the role of light as therapy to
treat some ailments.
168. However, when cortisol levels are too high over a too-long
period, the system becomes exhausted and
inefficient.
169. For
good health, it is important that these rhythms are not
disrupted too much. In the event of a disruption of the rhythm, bright
light in the morning helps restore the normal rhythm.
170. This desynchronisation
in the absence of the ‘‘normal’’ light–dark
rhythm would result in a wrong rhythm of alertness and sleepiness, ultimately leading to alertness during the dark hours
and sleepiness during the bright hours.
171.
Rotating shift workers also experience the same symptoms for a couple of days
after each shift change, again for the same reason.
172. A wealth of research projects that compare the
effects on health, well-being and alertness of workers under different lighting
conditions have been carried out.
173. Here
we will discuss only a limited number of typical
cases.
174. The composition of the
EEGs exhibit a pronounced difference: the higher lighting level results in fewer delta waves
(the delta activity of an EEG being an indicator of sleepiness), indicating
that bright light has an alerting influence on
the central nervous system (see Fig. 4).
175. Many investigations into the effects of light on
alertness and mood have been carried out under night-shift conditions, because
here the effects to be expected would be strongest.
176. A decline in arousal during the night occurs for both
regimes, but the high-light regime always results in a significantly increased
arousal level and thus better alertness and mood.
177. As can be seen from
Fig. 6, in January, when daylight penetration is
not sufficient to make a substantial contribution to the lighting level,
there is hardly any difference between the two
groups.
178. But in
May, when daylight really contributes, the
group benefiting from daylight has a considerably lower stress complaint level.
179. The
lighting situation at the workstations of these office workers, spread over ten different office buildings, was
measured and the individual subjective sleep quality determined by means of questionnaires
180. The
results show a significant positive correlation
between vertical illuminance and sleep quality.
181. The non-visual
biological effect of light is not directly governed by the
illuminance on the working plane.
182.
Studies are under way to see how this difference between ‘visual lighting level
on the task’ and ‘biological lighting levels on the eye’ has to be accounted for.
183. One
thing, of course, is evident: it is not
sufficient for future ‘‘healthy’’ lighting installations to specify only the illuminance on the working plane.
184. Many
studies, some of which we dealt with in the
previous section, indicate that lighting levels of at least 1000 lx on the eye
are needed for biological stimulation.
185. In
these situations artificial lighting should take care
of the extra lighting required.
186. Fig. 8 gives an example of a lighting scenario where both the level and
colour of light gradually vary according to the ‘human rhythm’.
187. After
lunch, a sharp rise in level and color
temperature (cool-white) is provided to re-activate the body.
188. Two
completely new lighting aspects relate to the
timing and duration of the lighting.
189. Visually, of course, light is only needed when and for
as long as we need to see.
190. Biologically, however, the timing of the periods of light
(or darkness) and their duration plays an essential role (CIE,2004a and CIE, 2004b).
191. This has especially consequences
for nighttime lighting for shift workers. The
detailed effects still require further investigations before final general recommendations
can be made for the lighting for shift workers.
192. We
believe that future lighting standards should also
incorporate the health-related aspects.
193. The overall effect of all this is: better
productivity.
194. Some
of these also concern dynamic installations
in both lighting level and colour temperature.
195. The
consequence of this was 40–200 times less light
for those not working very close to a window.
196. We do
this by ensuring that they
receive sufficient biologically active light at
the moments when this is needed.
